This edition of Letters of Jane Austen was part of a twelve volume set published by Roberts Brothers, Boston in 1892. [1] It contains 78 letters selected by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey from the 96 letters first published in Letters of Jane Austen, edited with an introduction and critical remarks, by Edward, Lord Brabourne, in 2 volumes, by Richard Bentley & Sons, London, (1884). [2] Lord Brabourne [3] was the great nephew of Jane Austen. “On my mother’s death, in December 1882, all her papers came into my possesion, and I not only found the original copy of ‘Lady Susan’ in Jane Austen’s own handwriting … but a square box full of letters, fastened up carefully in separate packets, each of which was endorsed ‘For Lady Knatchbull’ in the handwriting of my great-aunt, Cassandra Austen“.
Subsequent to its publication, the 1884 collection of letters was henceforth referred to as the Brabourne edition. According to Roger Sales, author of the book Jane Austen and Representations of Regency England, Routledge, (1996), p. 9, Lord Brabourne imposed his own “sense of delicacy” upon the letters by changing the coarseness of some the words to suit Victorian sensibilities. Modern editions of Austen’s letters edited by R.W. Chapman, Jane Austen’s Letters, to her sister Cassandra, and others, Oxford University Press (1932), and Deidre Le Faye’s Jane Austen’s Letters, Oxford University Press, third edition (1997) have restored the author’s original text.
The preface to this edition was written by Sarah Chauncey Woolsey (1835 – 1905), an American children’s author writing under the pen name Susan Coolidge. She is best remembered for her ‘Katy’ series written for girls: What Katy Did (1872), What Katy Did at School (1873), and What Katy Did Next (1886). Born into a wealthy and influential family in Cleveland, Ohio she spent her childhood in New Haven, Connecticut where her family had connections to Yale University. During the American Civil War (1861-1865) she worked as a nurse, after which she turned to writing. Her first book, A New Year’s Bargain appeared in 1871 and was edited by Louisa May Alcott who shared the same publisher with her. Woolsey’s other works include two books about the sister of her Katy character, Clover: Clover (1888) and In the High Valley (1891). She also wrote poetry and edited the various correspondences of English novelists including The Autobiography and Correspondence of Mrs. Delany (1879), The Diary and Letters of Frances Burney, Mme. d’Arblay (1880), and Letters of Jane Austen (1892). Woolsey never married, and resided at her family home in Newport, R.I., until her death.
Preface
The recent cult for Miss Austen, which has resulted in no less than ten new editions of her novels within a decade and three memoirs by different hands within as many years, have made the facts of her life familiar to most readers. It was a short life, and an uneventful one viewed from the standpoint of our modern times, when steam and electricity have linked together the ends of the earth, and the very air seems teeming with news, agitations, and discussions. We have barely time to recover our breath between post and post; and the morning paper with its statements of disaster and its hints of still greater evils to be, is scarcely outlived, when, lo! in comes the evening issue, contradicting the news of the morning, to be sure, but full of omens and auguries of its own to strew our pillows with the seed of wakefulness.
To us, publications come hot and hot from the press. Telegraphic wires like the intricate and incalculable zigzags of the lightning ramify above our heads; and who can tell at what moment their darts may strike? In Miss Austen’s day the tranquil, drowsy, decorous English day of a century since, all was different. News travelled then from hand to hand, carried in creaking post-wagons, or in cases of extreme urgency by men on horseback. When a gentleman journeying in his own “chaise” took three days in going from Exeter to London, a distance now covered in three hours of railroad, there was little chance of frequent surprises. Love, sorrow, and death were in the world then as now, and worked their will upon the sons of men; but people did not expect happenings every day or even every year. No doubt they lived the longer for this exemption from excitement, and kept their nerves in a state of wholesome repair; but it goes without saying that the events of which they knew so little did not stir them deeply.
Miss Austen’s life coincided with two of the momentous epochs of history, – the American struggle for independence, and the French Revolution; but there is scarcely an allusion to either in her letters. She was interested in the fleet and its victories because two of her brothers were in the navy and had promotion and prize-money to look forward to. In this connection she mentions Trafalgar and the Egyptian expedition, and generously remarks that she would read Southey’s Life of Nelson if there was anything in it about her brother Frank! She honors Sir John Moore by remarking after his death that his mother would perhaps have preferred to have him less distinguished and still alive; further than that, the making of the gooseberry jam and a good recipe for orange wine interests her more than all the marchings and countermarchings, the manoeuvres and diplomacies, going on the world over. In the midst of the universal vortex of fear and hope, triumph and defeat, while the fate of Britain and British liberty hung trembling in the balance, she sits writing her letters, trimming her caps, and discussing small beer with her sister in a lively and unruffled fashion wonderful to contemplate. “The society of rural England in those days,” as Mr. Goldwin Smith happily puts it, “enjoyed a calm of its own in the midst of the European tempest like the windless centre of a circular storm.”
The point of view of a woman with such an environment must naturally be circumscribed and narrow; and in this Miss Austen’s charm consists. Seeing little, she painted what she saw with absolute fidelity and a dexterity and perfection unequalled. ”On her was bestowed, though in a humble form, the gift which had been bestowed on Homer, Shakespeare, Cervantes, Scott, and a few others,-the gift of creative power.” [4] Endowed with the keenest and most delicate insight and a vivid sense of humor, she depicted with exactitude what she observed and what she understood, giving to each fact and emotion its precise shade and value. The things she did not see she did not attempt. Affectation was impossible to her, – most of all, affectation of knowledge or feeling not justly her own. “She held the mirror up to her time” with an exquisite sincerity and fidelity; and the closeness of her study brought her intimately near to those hidden springs which underlie all human nature. This is the reason why, for all their skimp skirts, leg-of-mutton sleeves, and bygone impossible bonnets, her characters do not seem to us old-fashioned. Minds and hearts are made pretty much after the same pattern from century to century; and given a modern dress and speech, Emma or Elizabeth or dear Anne Eliot could enter a drawing-room to-day, and excite no surprise except by so closely resembling the people whom they would find there.
“Miss Austen’s novels are dateless things,” Mr. Augustine Birrell tells us. “Nobody in his senses would speak of them as ‘old novels’. John Inglesant is an old novel, so is Ginx’s Baby. But Emma is quite new, and, like a wise woman, affords few clues to her age.”
We allude with a special touch of affection to Anne Eliot. Persuasion, which was written during the last two years of Miss Austen’s life, when the refining touch of Eternity was already upon her, has always seemed to us the most perfect of her novels; and Anne, with her exquisite breeding and unselfish straightforwardness, just touched with the tender reserve of memory and regret, one of her best portraitures. But this is a matter of individual taste. Doubtless Elizabeth Bennet is “better fun,” as the modern girl would say. Miss Austen herself preferred her. She had a droll and pretty way of talking about her characters which showed how real they were to her own mind, and made them equally real to other people. In 1813 she had the good luck to light upon a portrait of Jane Bennet at an exhibition.
“I was very well pleased (pray tell Fanny) with a small portrait of Mrs. Bingley, excessively like her. I went in hopes of seeing one of her sister, but there was no Mrs. Darcy. Perhaps I may find her in the great exhibition, which we shall go to if we have time. Mrs. Bingley’s is exactly like herself, – size, shaped face, features and sweetness; there never was a greater likeness. She is dressed in a white gown, with green ornaments, which convinces me of what I had always supposed, that green was a favorite color with her. I dare say Mrs. D. will be in yellow.“
And later: -
“We have been both to the exhibition and Sir J. Reynolds’; and I am disappointed, for there was nothing like Mrs. D. at either. I can only imagine that Mr. D. prizes any picture of her too much to like it should be exposed to the public eye. I can imagine he would have that sort of feeling, – that mixture of love, pride, and delicacy.”
The letters included in this series comprise about three quarters of the collection in two volumes published in 1884 by her great-nephew Lord Brabourne. The lightness, almost friskiness, of their tone cannot fail to strike the reader. Modern letters written by women are filled more or less with hints and queries; questionings as to the why and the wherefore occur; allusions to the various “fads” of the day, literary or artistic, – Ibsen, Tolstoi, Browning, Esoteric Buddhism, Wagner’s Music, the Mind Cure, Social Science, Causes and Reforms. But Cowper and Crabbe were the poetical sensations in Miss Austen’s time, Scott and Byron its phenomenal novelties; it took months to get most books printed, and years to persuade anybody to read them. Furthermore the letters, in all probability, are carefully chosen to reveal only the more superficial side of their writer. There are wide gaps of omission, covering important events such as Mr. Austen’s death, the long illness through which Jane nursed her brother Henry, and the anxieties and worries which his failure in business caused to the whole family. What is vouchsafed us is a glimpse of the girlish and untroubled moments of Miss Austen’s life; and the glimpse is a sweet and friendly one. We are glad to have it, in spite of our suspicion that another and even more interesting part of her personality is withheld from us.
A good daughter, a delightful sister, the most perfect of aunts, what better record could there be of a single woman? Her literary work never stood in the way of her home duties, any more than her “quiet, limpid, unimpassioned style” stood between her thought and her readers.
Her fame may justly be said to be almost entirely posthumous. She was read and praised to a moderate degree during her lifetime, but all her novels together brought her no more than seven hundred pounds; and her reputation, as it were, was in its close-sheathed bud when, at the early age of forty-one, she died. It would have excited in her an amused incredulity, no doubt, had any one predicted that two generations after her death the real recognition of her powers was to come. Time, which like desert sands has effaced the footprints of so many promising authors, has, with her, served as the desert wind, to blow aside those dusts of the commonplace which for a while concealed her true proportions. She is loved more than she ever hoped to be, and far more widely known. Mrs. Ritchie [5] tells somewhere an anecdote of a party of seven assembled at a dinner-table, where the question arose of the locality of one of Miss Austen’s places, – Maple Grove, the residence of Mr. Suckling, if we are not mistaken, – and six of the persons present at once recognized the allusion, and had a formed opinion on the subject. The seventh was a Frenchman who did not read English!
Scott, Macaulay, Sir James Mackintosh, Miss Martineau, Mrs. Ritchie, Miss Mitford, and a host of others have vied in their generous tributes of admiration. But most striking of all, to our thinking, is that paid to Miss Austen by Lord Tennyson when, in some visit to Lyme not many years since, those with him pointed out this and the other feature of the place only to be interrupted with- “Never mind all that. Show me the exact spot where Louisa Musgrove fell!” Could non-historical verisimilitude go farther or mean more?
S. C. W.
Newport, June, 1892
Footnotes
[1] Gilson, David. A Bibilography of Jane Austen. E76, p. 265
[2] Gilson, David. A Bibliography of Jane Austen. G1, p. 397
[3] Edward, Lord Brabourne was born Edward Knatchbull, (1829-1893) and later elevated to the 1st Baron Brabourne of Mersham Hatch. He was Jane Austen’s great nephew, the son of Fanny Austen-Knight, (the daughter of her brother Edward Austen-Knight) and Sir Edward Knatchbull, 9th Baronet.
[4] Smith, Goldwin. Life of Jane Austen, (1890), p. 11
[5] Mrs. Ritchie is Anne Isabella Thackeray Ritchie (1837 - 1919) an English writer, and the eldest daughter of William Makepeace Thackeray. This story is referenced in the preface of her book A Book of Sibyls (1883).
